How successfully was the land issue in Ireland resolved by 1903 Essay Example Essay Example

How successfully was the land issue in Ireland resolved by 1903? Essay Example Paper How successfully was the land issue in Ireland resolved by 1903 Essay Introduction How successfully was the land issue in Ireland resolved by 1903? BY btJktngn How successfully was the land issue in Ireland resolved by 1903? There were many issues with land in Ireland from the late 1840’s to 1903. Land issues in Ireland united people in both the USA and Ireland. The Fenian Brotherhood was a movement started in 1848 whose purpose was to obtain Irish independence from England. Around 1. 5% of the landowners in Ireland owned a third of the land in the country, and up to 25% of the landlords were not resident in Ireland. The potato blight of the 1840’s was to acutely exacerbate the problem of landownership, with the otato crops failure economic pressure was brought upon Irish landlords with decreasing rentals and the burden of the poor law. As a result of this many landlords resorted to coercive methods to collect the rent, up to and including the eviction of the tenant. Landlords could legally evict whenever they decided as most farmers did not have a le ase of their farms. They were tenants at will’, and they could be legally evicted whenever the landlord chose to do to this. Another issue was the fact that landlords spent very little money on improving their properties, and outside of Ulster here was no compensation for any improvements made to a holding by the tenant. This was a barrier to agricultural development and a great injustice. There was no incentive to improve property because of this, and of the few tenants who may have had money to invest in the holding had no right of redress in the event of eviction. How successfully was the land issue in Ireland resolved by 1903? Essay Body Paragraphs Contrary to this system, James Fintan Lalor in a letter to The Irish Felon argued that â€Å"l hold and maintain that the entire soil of a country belongs of right to the people of that country, and it is the rightful property not of any one class, but of the nation at large. Lalor and others encouraged the formation of tenant organisations devoted to securing tenants’ rights because of this the Irish Tenant League was founded by Charles Gavan Duffy. The aim of the Irish Tenant League was to improve the position of tenant farmers in Ireland, whatever their denominational background. Even though the league by 1852 had become the Independent Irish Party, in its two years it brought to the fore the campaign for the three Fs’: free sale, fair rent and fixity of tenure. Free sale, known as the ‘Ulster Custom’, involved selling the interest on a property to the next tenant. It also guaranteed that the tenant was compensated for any improvements made to the landl ord’s property. Fair rent gave tenants the opportunity of low rent payments on properties and a rent that was fixed by a tribunal rather than by the landlords themselves. Fixity of tenure was guaranteed tenure of land over a period of time. Some years later in 1869 due to an economic downturn there was a revival of The Irish Tenant League; this was led by Sir John Gray. The agenda of the league was to address the three Fs’ and the propulsion of the movement was provided by a land conference held in February 1870 where roposals were agreed upon for the best way to move forward regarding the land issue. William Gladstone, the British prime minister, also hoped to improve the influenced by the National Association set up in 1864 by Cardinal Cullen. Addressing an election meeting in Lancashire in 1868, Gladstone declared that â€Å"The Church of Ireland. is but one of a group of questions. There is the Church of Ireland, there is the land of Ireland, there is the educatio n of Ireland; there are many subjects, all of which depend on one greater than all of them; they are all so many branches from ne trunk, and that trunk is the tree of what is called the Protestant Ascendancy. We therefore, aim at the destruction of that system of ascendancy. † From this speech we can see Gladstone’s clear flair and determination to seek a resolution to the issue of land in Ireland. Upon hearing that he was to become Prime Minister in 1868 Gladstone declared that his ‘mission is to pacify Ireland’. Facing a number of obstacles it was not politically possible for Gladstone and his cabinet to introduce radical reform to the landholding system in Ireland; as such a move would have been ery unpopular with MPs and peers in the House of Lords. As a result of this, Gladstone decided that the best course of action would be to legalise custom. In his first ministry he attempted numerous times to tackle Irish issues through reform, the centrepiece bei ng the Irish Land Act of 1870. The Land Act of 1870 attempted to address some aspects of the three Fs’. Gladstone had three main aims that he intended to achieve with this new land Act. Firstly: firstly, if a tenant was evicted for any reason other than non-payment of rent then the individual had the right to claim ompensation. Secondly, government loans, commonly known as ‘Bright Clauses’, would be made available to tenants wishing to purchase property from their landlords and for the first time ever tenants were allowed to borrow up to two thirds of the cost of buying their property from the government; finally, rent was to be controlled and kept at a fair rate. However, there were issues with Gladstone’s first Act. The Act failed to create a tribunal system to control rent and to prevent unfair rent increases. Tenants with leases longer than thirty-one years were not protected y the Act. Fewer than one thousand farmers took advantage of the bright claus e as most were unable to borrow such amounts of money; therefore tenants lacked protection against eviction. Aside from these setbacks of the first Land Act, it was symbolically very important and it set a precedent for government intervention in the land question. It would take some nine years before any further progress was made on the land question and it was an Irish man by the name of Michael Davitt that would make this progress. Michael Davitt was born in Straide, County Mayo, when he as four and a half years old he was evicted with his family due to arrears in rent. They then went to a local workhouse but when his mother discovered that male children over three years of age were separated from their mothers, she moved the family to England to find a better life. They travelled to Haslingden, in East Lancashire and there they settled. Davitt was brought up in a poor Irish immigrant community with strong nationalist feelings and for Michael a deep hatred of landlordism to coinc ide. In his later life he was sent to Dartmoor prison in 1870 for gun running hile a Page 3. member of the IRB (Irish Republican Brotherhood. ) While imprisoned, he came up redistribution of land and non-violent means was the best way to do this. Poor agricultural conditions of tenant famers led Davitt to become an advocate of the land issue which eventually led to him setting up the Land League of Mayo in 1879, which then spread through Ireland, and was soon constituted as the National Land League in 1879 with Charles Stewart Parnell as its President. â€Å"The campaign that followed turned the Home Rule and Nationalist Party into an umbrella movement. – (From Britain and Ireland 1867-1922 pg 28. ) Through Davitt and the Leagues campaigning and hard work immediate improvements happened, with Canon Burke reducing his rental rates by twenty five percent. The Land League was the excellent opportunity for Parnell and the other leaders to gather together all disparate elements o f the broader nationalist movement. The aim of the Land League and the purpose of the land war were to defend the tenant from the uncontrolled excesses of the land lord. A speech made by Parnell in 1880 encouraged individuals to refuse to pay unfair ents and to also refuse to rent farms where others had been evicted from. He essentially aimed to criminalise taking other farmers land, that is, a boycott of anyone who sought to undermine the Land League’s campaign. The Times reported on 20th September 1880 that Parnell stated that â€Å"When a man takes a farm from which another has been evicted, you must shun him on the road side. you must shun him in the streets of the town. and even in the place of worship, by leaving him alone. you must show him your detestation of the crime he has committed. † In 1881 Gladstone introduced his second Land Act, 11 years after his first. The difference was that finally the three Fs’ were granted to everyone and Land Courts were set up. The new Land Act was essentially a short term solution to the political unrest in Ireland. He aimed to reduce the unrest in Ireland by attempting to lower rent and pacify the population. The Land Act of 1881 included a land purchase act and fifteen year leases were set (rent was frozen for fifteen years), an idea that was unheard of in Ireland at the time as tenants were at the landlords disposal and experienced xtortionately expensive rates. There were flaws however, as tenants in arrears did not have the opportunity to go to court, and as at least one third of tenants were in arrears, the majority of the population were still at a disadvantage. An Arrears Act was also introduced and provided E800,OOO for 130,000 tenants to cover their outstanding payments. This was brought in to reduce the agitation and violence throughout the country, and it served its purpose. The following reforms aimed to continue to improve living conditions for tenants and provide them with some esse ntial legal rights. In 1885 a series of Conservative Reforms to take the heat out of the land struggle, included the Ashbourne Land Purchase Act 1885 which lent five million to buy farms. Farmers got full Page 4. purchase price. This saw a huge improvement in tenant conditions. Tenants could finally afford to buy their land. Following this, Balfour’s Land Act of 1887 amended Gladstone’s 15 year lease to a 3 year lease. Rent rates were also reduced by 15%. 100,000 leaseholders could go to court for the first time. 1891 seen Balfour’s Land Act, which was the biggest land purchase scheme with E33 million to enable land enants could afford to take advantage of the new scheme. Due to this he introduced the Congested Districts Boards to help poorer areas and provide all tenants with the means to purchase their land. Finally in 1903 the Wyndham Act was introduced and was to be the biggest scheme yet. EIOO million was spent on land purchase and landlords were encouraged into selling their whole estates rather than sections and tenants were given 68 years to pay back. This funding and extended payment plans provided tenants with fairer and more equal opportunities to expand and develop in a more economically viable way. Essentially this ended the phase of the land agitation that had begun over twenty years earlier however issues over land were to flare up again during the tan war and right up until the 1930’s when all Irish farmers owned their own land. Resolution by 1903 was more or less achieved; there were definitely significant changes made and more equal opportunities for farmers but it was not completely resolved until the 1930’s. Some people would even argue that in some ways land issues are still not completely resolved to this day in 2013, but that’s a topic of discussion for perhaps a different essay. We will write a custom essay sample on How successfully was the land issue in Ireland resolved by 1903? 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Legalize Hemp essays

Legalize Hemp essays The marijuana plant and the hemp plant are both from the cannabis family but they serve completely different purposes. The marijuana plant is grown for the buds they produce which carry the psychoactive ingredient, delta-9-tetrahydrocannibinol, aka, THC, which is what causes people to catch a buzz. The hemp plant is grown for the fibers they produce and it contains no more than 1% THC, meaning that to catch a buzz from the hemp plant, you would have to smoke 10-12 hemp joints in less than 10 minutes...highly unlikely and probably impossible. The two plants have little in common, other than the fact that they are from the same family, they look and smell alike and they are both illegal to grow. Unlike marijuana, you are allowed to possess hemp, so dont worry...you arent in the presence of an illegal substance!!! (Point to visuals) Most hemp, which you can purchase at art supply stores, has been imported from Canada, England, Australia or one of the 30 other countries where growing h emp is an extremely profitable industry. Hawaii is the only US state that has permission to grow and harvest the plant. The government granted them a quarter acre lot to test the crop for beneficial purposes. This information is courtesy of the NORML web page. NORML stands for the National Organization for the Reform of the Marijuana Laws but this organization has just as much information on the hemp crop as it does marijuana. I would quickly like to list a few facts I pulled off of the Hemp Legalization web page; ~Hemp fibers are longer, stronger and more absorbent then cotton. ~The Declaration of Independence was written on hemp. ~Some of our first Presidents required farmers to harvest the crop. (Show bumper sticker) ~Hemp is superior to wood pulps and makes an ideal additive to recycled paper to improve its strength. Now I would like to move on to more in depth facts on certain areas that I believe hemp is nee ...

Critically compare and contrast theories of management (classical, Essay

Critically compare and contrast theories of management (classical, human relations, systems, contingency, Marxist labour process - Essay Example In 1911, Taylor suggested management a process in which that he suggested that if planned scientifically, would direct to success. His guidelines of scientific management started a revolution in the ways we assumed the procedures and the status of a manager. Numerous early writers in management challenged that there was an appropriate way of organizing work and completing tasks. Others established on the engineering approaches to approve the effects of bureaucracies. Mintzberg elaborated the responsibility and role of a manager in leading the organizations to attaining goals in a logical manner. The informational, interpersonal, and decisional roles he distinguished are equally practicable to the managers operating in private, public or nonprofit organizational set up (Buchanan and Huczynski 2010). Classical Management Theory Classical management theory engages making multiple standards of workers to enhance profitability. Employees working at the lower levels find their jobs supervi sed by managers, who in turn, are supervised by upper level management. At each level, employees are required to perform jobs according to particular procedures created to boost productivity. Moreover, this theory concentrates on a distant side of the business. Employees and managers are advised to resist friendly and personal communications within the organization. Rules and regulations must be followed with precision, and the recruitment of employees must associate only to the potentials they attain. However, classical management theory is not employed in many organizations because some of its loopholes. As few elements of the theory, like crafting procedures for accomplishing tasks and keeping personal matters out of business, assist an organization concentrate on the current job, the theory fails to identify the disparity among employees. When employee emotions and opinions are not considered, the business may not flourish or may confront high ratios of employee turnover. Since, the employee feels deprived of establishing a relationship and they leave the organization in search of a more fulfilling job. The classical management theory highlights on the ways management can be or designed to acquire productivity. Henri Fayol, an eminent name in management science, crafted several management theories directed towards success, like designing a unified way among managers, discipline, and centralization. Numerous other management theories focused on establishing team confidence (Buchanan and Huczynski 2010). On the other hand, the major weakness of the classical management theory emerged from its difficulty, and stubborn structure. One of the core principles of the classical management theory is to raise productivity and performance; however, acquiring these objectives often came at the cost of human bonds and creativity. For instance, managers would utilize assemble line procedures and project management theories that concentrated on successful division of jobs . However, employers overlooked the relational factor in employees, in the procedure of attempting to forecast and manage human behavior. In reality, the human relations movement raised in reaction to the classical management theory, as a method to understand the responsibility of human motivation in efficiency. Also, too much depending on previous experience is another flaw of the theory. The theorists of this era only examined their

The Influence of Activity Based Costing in Finance Sector Essay

The Influence of Activity Based Costing in Finance Sector - Essay Example Understanding ABC can show the way to better knowledge of an organization business course of actions and basic expenses. ABC is a financial plan and scrutiny process that estimates operating cost by involving overheads to orders, clientele, services and end-items. It permits managers to discriminate between cost-effective and non-beneficial services. ABC facilitates to fill up the spaces of conventional costing by recognizing all the work actions and their costs that enrol in constructing a product, carrying a service, or executing a process. When the solitary expenses are calculated, a representation of the overall cost of a process becomes apparent. The cost of giving out the different division of consumers can yet distinguish by ABC model (Shank, 1996).Daly (2001) elucidate that the central theory behind the Activity-based costing system is that resource operating cost have to be allocated to the activities executed. Expenses acknowledged in the economy are assembled and circulated to these events. This assists the firm to comprehend how much they are paying out on the activities that sustain the making of certain item for consumption or services.Mapping out firm expenditures can start by consulting department executives to find out what primary activities are carried out in each unit and what aspects decide how long a doing a cquires. Just the once this record is achieved, one can begin to trace the supply costs to activities. Taking the case of objects managing department in which the public in the department acted upon three fundamental assignments can represent this. These responsibilities comprised of: accepting purchased stuffs, accepting unprocessed materials and distributing materials. It was supposed that every member of staff in the division was uniformly trained and equally remunerated, so the firm made a decision to apply time percentages for handing over material costs to the three responsibilities. The time of the supervisor was spread transversely for all activities executed by the division in percentage to the time laboured by other workers under management. Therefore, exclusive of indulging each sort of work as different, costs were allocated in relation to the effort done. Several departments have persons who appear to work daily, no issue at what altitude of capability their division is functioning. This kind of obligation often is categorized as fixed, because the amount of people who work does not fluctuate with requirements. This view is not acceptable for all the time though, because the majority of departments have various fixed and variable costs. Within a department, workers may be handed over to complete a number of tasks based on the level of order. This kind of task can be marked out to what action is being carried out, and can therefore, be preceded to the concluding cost of the end substance. A quantity of resources might perhaps also be fixed for a division. This might comprise the space in the capacity that the department utilizes and the equipments that the division requires to work. With the technology at present, costing statistics should be readily obtainable to evaluate the variable costs of a division, plus the assigned costs, in c oncluding the achievability of a project (Locander, 1998). Literature Review Designing the Optimal System Different Perspectives Few years back a research association of banks constructed a report that evidently described how management accounting figures in banking

New Approach in Cancer Treatment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

New Approach in Cancer Treatment - Essay Example The different therapies available in the market today target to control the division rate of the tumor cells. However, emerging knowledge reveals that all cancer therapies may be missing the point and this explains why cancers relapse so often even after treatment. The new knowledge suggests that therapy should aim at altering the proliferation rate of cancer stem cells that sustain a tumor. One wonders whether this knowledge is a breakthrough towards discovering a potential cure for cancer. This paper will tackle the potential of this new knowledge to change the picture of cancer treatment, its challenges, and promises. Description of Cancer Stem Cells Cancer originates from a transformation of cells from normal growth pattern to abnormal growth properties. Cancer stem cells are primitive cells that are responsible for the growth and advancement of a tumor. These cells have the capacity to regenerate and the regeneration process yields differentiated cells. The cancer stem cells yie ld malignant cells on renewal. They possess other critical characteristics of normal stem cells. They display multi-potency and experimental evidence reveals that they can give rise to tumors when introduced into normal tissues in organisms with compromised immune systems. Experimental evidence has proved that cancer stem cells are responsible for the new population of cancer cells when a tumor recurs. These experiments reveal that the few multi-potent cancer stem cells have the potential to restore new populations of all various cell populations in the first tumor. Cancer stem cells are the only ones capable of metastasis to other tissues and give rise to new tumors. Cancer stem cells portray resistance to anti-cancer drugs available in the market today (Majumder, 2009:13). Although these drugs succeed in reducing the tumor mass cells by altering different aspects of their proliferation, the cancer stem cells remain unaltered and survive. After some time, these stem cells initiate a new process of tumor formation (Clevers, 2011:5). Since cancer stem cells show very slow proliferation whereas most of the drugs only target the highly proliferative cells, then such drugs leave cancer stem cells intact. Cancer stem cells acquire the potential to activate and repress certain genes just as normal stem cells do. However, stem cells do not respond to certain stop signals that other stem cells respond to and end up gaining an infinite life span. Evidence of the Presence of Cancer Stem Cells The first evidence that cancer stem cells were present in cancers was through analysis of hematological cancers. Researchers observed a small proportion of cells that possessed the self-renewing properties among a sphere of cancer cells. This property is similar to those of normal hematological stem cells. Hematological cancer cells observed a similar hierarchy of differentiation into cells of varying life spans just like the physiological hematological cells. In this hierarchy, ma jority of the cells had short and long life spans. Research revealed that some of the long-term cells possessed characteristics similar to normal hematologic stem cells. This initial evidence probed advanced study on the same concept in other cancer types. So far, research indicates that cancer stem cells are present in the following types of cancers brain, colon, pancreatic, melanoma, prostate and breast cancer (Hayat, 2010:178). In sarcomas, although

Analyse Contribution Of Engagement In Biopsychosocial Assessment Client Nursing Essay

Analyse Contribution Of Engagement In Biopsychosocial Assessment Client Nursing Essay In this essay the process of building a therapeutic relationship and assessing clients own circumstances within the inpatient admission and the framework found in practice will be uses analysed and criticized by using Johns (1994) model of reflection. The framework that has been used in mental health services is the Care Program Approach (CPA), which it has been profoundly criticised since it was introduced. Therefore the reflection will look into other model of nursing, Tidal Model, which offers a different philosophy of care. The reflection will also explore the interpersonal interactions theories which the nursed used during the assessment and how these aided to engage the client in the biopsychosocial assessing process. It also will be discussed other intervention models and the possible usage in similar situations. In order to begin the analysis of the above points, engagement needs to be defined. Thurgood (cited by Norman and Ryrie (2004) p.650) described it as: can be broadly defined as providing a service that is experienced by service users (including carers) as acceptable, accessible, positive and empowering. Although this definition gives an idea of the concept, it lacks to define the key elements of engagement, which Cutcliffe and Barker (2002) identified as forming a human to human relationship, expressing tolerance and acceptance, and hearing and understanding. Both definitions gather the professional values of the service and the interaction itself. Yet, Cutcliffe and Barker (2002) definition can be considered more practical when holistically assessing clients. However, these definitions do not acknowledge factors of engagement that are behind the interpersonal relationship, such as personal or organizational perspectives of engagement. The personal perspective for the nurses practice is underpinned by poor structural organization, occupational cultures and stress, bureaucratic constrains, lack of time and nursing culture driven by measurable targets (Hosany et al (2007) and Addis and Gamble (2004)). On the other hand, clients and their families are conditioned by the mental illness, their past experiences with other services, the trust in the service and the relevance of it. Additionally, the organizational issues effect upon engagement and care by reducing services budgets, by not providing resources and also by politics. Engagement has been recognized as an important part of mental health services users care. The National Service Framework (NSF), the National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) and the Department of Health (DoH) appoint that users under CPA should be provided with resources to build a therapeutic relationship, optimise engagement and reduce risks. These documents also highlight the need to provide a therapeutic environment in order to provide best care and to engage the clients and their families with the service. Taking into account all the above information a reflective account will be taking place in the following pages by using Johns model of reflection (1994). 1. Description of the experience The clinical environment where this assessment took place was in an acute adult ward. The ward is based in an old mental health hospital, which has old and pilling off wooden windows, untidy roofs and old fashioned flooring. The ward had untidy carpets, the curtains did not draw appropriately and the painting on the walls was peeling off. These are the organisational barriers affecting engagement. This particular client was known by the service already, to protect his right to confidentiality he will be referred as John (NMC code of practice 2008). John had been stable for 10 years, but in the past few months his mental state had worsened. His psychosis and levels of anxiety increased; he distrusted neighbours and other acquaintances as well as strangers. Consequently, he stopped going out of his house and began to self medicate with over the counter sedatives. Crisis and Resolution Home Treatment Team (CRHTT) was involved and as they felt that John was not able to cope at home, they decided that an inpatient admission would be beneficial. Before the admission the CRHTT forwarded the CPA form 1A, which updated the ward staff about the latest assessment of the clients biopsychosocial needs. Once John arrived to the ward, he fully understood the situation where he was in. He was able to consent and had capacity to agree with treatment and, thus, he was admitted as an informal client. This facilitated the initial interaction and the initial grounding for the nurse/client relationship. Before the beginning of the assessment Tom (Johns named nurse) introduced everyone to John, roles were explained, a welcome pack with the ward information and a CPA booklet were given and Tom provided all the information in an oral and written manner. The nurse started the assessment by formulating open questions. However John gave single direct answers (yes, not, not sure ). Consequently, the nurse decided to change to more direct questioning. After that the client was very co-operative and was answering all the questions. He reported to be very anxious, which also was noticeable by looking to his body language (he was sweaty, clenching his fingers, rubbing his hands on the chairs arms and removing his spectacles several times during the interview). At this stage the nurse decided to undertake an anxiety assessment by using the scales tools available on the ward the Becks Anxiety Inventory (BAI, see Appendix 1). Following this assessment, John began to answer the questions more in depth and he appeared more eased, stating several times that he was in hospital for help and was going to do everything that was available for his recovery. Following the local trust policies and NICE guidelines, the CPA 1A assessment was concluded (as it must to be completed within 72 hours of the admission); the Integrated Care Pathway for Inpatient Safety and the Patient Property Liability Disclaimer were filled in and signed by nurse and client. 2. Reflection The whole assessment was intended to gather as much information as possible about John in order to understand the clients actual biopsychosocial situation (holistic assessment) and the context that led to the admission, which would highlight the needs and strengths of the client. However, inpatient admissions are more likely to focus on a more medical approach to health, mainly because social interventions cannot be implemented until the clients mental state has stabilized and he is ready to move on to community settings. Along this process the multi-disciplinary team organizes care to build up the grounds to enable recovery (Simpson 2009). This particular ward was focus on treatment and stabilizing, working on one to one interventions (nurse-client), building a therapeutic relationship through structured and unstructured interventions, and used CPA as a nursing intervention framework. Alongside these individual interactions, the activity nurses and the occupational therapist offered daily social and leisure activities. These groups provided skills and entertainment to the clients on the ward, but did not follow a particular model of nursing, such as the Tidal Model, and they offered activities to spare the free time on the ward without promoting recovery. The Tidal Model provides structured group-work centred on recovery (Barker and Buchanan-Barker 2005). This model centres its assessment on a holistic approach for the short and long term needs, viewing the mental illness as a unique experience of each individual, their families and social environment. It looks into the lowest point of the illness (such as an inpatient admission like Johns) as the point where the recovery begins with a positive approach to the illness. There are three working groups recommended in this model: discovery, solutions and information (see appendix 3), where therapeutic relationship is built and issues common to the individual and others are discussed and explored. As mentioned above, the ward nurses had more structured interventions with clients, and the issues discussed in these interviews were correlated to the Tidals Model theme groups. In these interviews the clients engage with their primary nurses and they discuss their concerns in relation to their care or other personal matters. These interventions or interviews were intended to happen at least twice weekly for at least an hour. However, for organizational issues (usually low number of staffing) not all the clients had the opportunity to benefit from these one to one interventions on a regular basis. Initially, the Tidal Model research was criticised for being bias, for lacking to fully describe clients pre and post intervention with the model, not taking into account Hawthorne effect and most of physiological factors and by not reasoning the need for a new model in mental health care (Noak 2001). However, further research and analysis showed that the Tidal Model provides tools and structure to improve care in acute ward admissions filling the gaps in care pointed in the NSF and The Sainsbury Centre for Mental Health (Gordon et al 2005). One could say that this model has been shown to improve mental health services, fulfil the historical gaps within nursing practice and to be grounded on evidence-based practice. However, the author of this essay believes, after reading the relevant literature, that for the implementation of the Tidal Model the levels of staffing (and therefore the service budget) should be increased and nursing practice cultures must be changed by re-educating th e workforce. Arguably both implementations are very difficult to achieve as the health service has seen budgets cut downs in the recent years and nurses practiced has been subject to negative ward cultures towards nursing models. On the other hand CPA, which is the framework used on the ward, was first designed after a series of fatal incidents which involved mentally ill people. It was aimed to be introduced in Wales by 2004 (in England was done by 1991). CPA is person centred focus which promotes social inclusion and recovery, through assessment and planning of individualized needs and strengths, working with the clients and their families or carers (Care Programme Approach Association (CPAA) 2008). Despite the initial intention that the CPA was brought to improve service users quality of care, to increase inter agencies communication and to be a case management tool, some critiques appeared. Simpson et al (2003a) researched showed CPA was thought to be an over-bureaucratic duty within the professionals. The author of this paper has observed in practice, not in this particular assessment, that some professional do not reassess clients when they are admitted. Instead the latest CPA 1A form (usually filled in by the CRHTT) is photocopied or copied-pasted and re-used to speed up the process. This would be acceptable if the client was assessed the day or night before the admission, because the social, psychological or biological needs would have not changed in that period of time. When older assessments are used, changes in circumstances might have not been updated. In the worst case scenario a health professional could have misunderstood the clients needs and have documented them wrongly. This misunderstanding could be carried over, therefore care would be affected. This hypothetical scenario shows that CPA assessments should be done every time when needed. CPA as a case management tool fails to compile the most important features which promote therapeutic relationship. In contrast with other case managements models the role of the care co-ordinator is more of an administrative and as an alternative service prescriber (Simpson et al 2003a). This means that there is no need for a specific training or skills related to therapeutic relationship, partly because other services (or service providers) will engage with the client, and the care co-ordinator just oversees the process of care. Moreover, CPA also lacks a nursing model background and fails to define specific roles within the multi-disciplinary team. These factors reduce the teamness feeling between the health professional (Simpson et al 2003b). Although, it could be argued that the reason, why CPA is lacking nursing background, is that it was not designed as a mental health nursing framework but for the use of mental health services. In this particular reflexion the care co-ordinato r was not present in the admission and never mention during the assessment. Whether it was a usual situation or not it is something that never was discussed, but it shows Simpson et al (2003a and 2003b) critiques of CPA as a case management were factual. CPA and Tidal Model are intended to provide holistic care for clients and their families. However, the Tidal Model is more clients centred than CPA, and it also looks into the more positive side of the clients situation, foreseen the now and future as a whole. It explains the illness as an accumulation of life factors. The Tidal Model complements other health and social care professionals, as well as it searches to nurse by building a special relationship between health practitioner and client. Moreover, CPA always looks for risk signs in the short-term and from a psychiatric approach. As this assessment took place in an inpatient admission it is important to bear in mind that in this particular environment CPA forms (1A, 2, 2A and 4) were used for assessment, planning, implementing and evaluation of inpatient care and for the liaison with other health professional in tertiary care (such as physiotherapist, dietician or occupational therapist). Perhaps CPA would benefit from sharing some principles of a nursing model (like the Tidal Model), by using it as a tool more than as a paperwork and from a better staff training and promoting adherence to nursing models (Barker 2001). Whether the ward uses Tidal Model or CPA to structure care, an inpatient admission is always stressful and uncomfortable experience for clients and their families. John saw the nurse as a stranger in an unfamiliar place, however, Tom was there to guide the client throughout his care, to provide information and to be somebody he could relay on. This first encounter related to the orientation phase described by Peplau (1952) (cited by Sheldon (2005), see Appendix 2). In this phase Johns past experiences, expectancies, culture and believes were to condition the initial interaction. Following this phase John went into the identification stage, where he sought assistance for anxiety relief techniques, shared needs and strengths when and co-designed care plans and began to have feelings of belonging and capability, therefore decreasing negative feelings. This exchange of feelings is going to lead to exploitation and resolution phases, where John will engaged with treatment (medical, physic al and social), having different needs at different times, starting to be informed about all the help available towards the final stage, feeling as an important part of the whole nursing process and finally ending the professional relationship when discharged. The exploitation and resolution phases were not observe as at the time of writing John was still an inpatient. John had had previously one bad inpatient admission. He reported that he was very unhappy when he was in the other hospital 10 years ago. He explained that the bad experience was related to the other clients and organizational issues rather than staff. John stated that he was feeling anxious but happy that he was getting help. His positive attitude helped to engage him in the assessment process and on the ward activities, which were the first steps towards the identification phase. Therefore, John could begin to have professional input from other members of the multi-disciplinary team. Tom interacted in a way that John felt understood, respected and individualized. Tom did not appear to have preconceived ideas of the client after reading the CPA forma 1A. And certainly, Tom treated John respectfully and as an equal human being. He followed the NMC code of practice 2008, which states that: you must treat people as individuals and not to discriminate in any way those in your care. Tom tried to adapt the pace of the questioning to the clients needs, involving him and asking in a respectful manner. Tom also acknowledged Johns anxiety feelings, and showed it when taking further (BAI see appendix 1) assessments to empathize more with Johns situation. This reinforced the approachability and genuineness of the nurse and led John to open and engage with the assessment process and the health professional. 3. Influencing factors John scored 45 points in the BAI (see appendix 1), which is a high scoring. This could have been influenced by the hospital admission and the assessment process. Despite these factors and Johns actual mental state he engaged in the assessment actively. The BAI scales consist of 21 observable and self-rating symptoms of anxiety, rated from 0 to 3 (0 being the lowest score), which can also be easily transformed in direct questions or self rating. At the end of the assessment the scores are added up and compared against the scales. There are several assessment tools available such as Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scales (HADS) or Hamilton Anxiety Scales (a collection of them can be found in the Appendix 1 reference). The BAI is shown to be a quick and reliable when measuring clients anxiety levels and it also differentiates General Anxiety Depression and depression (Fydrich et al 1992). Although, these characteristics appear to be positive, it could be argued that BAI is just a merely adaptation of the DSM-IV panic symptoms and therefore it could also be said that measures panic attacks rather than anxiety levels (Cox et al 1996 and de Beurs et al 1997). On the other hand, HADS which achieves good levels of anxiety and depression screening could have been more appropriate for hospital settings and more accurate (Bjelland et al 2002). It is important to point out that NICE clinical guideline for management of Anxiety (2004) does not recommend a specific tool for assessment of anxiety, which gives to the professional practitioner choice on the usage of available tools. This affects practice as these scales are not used as often as they should be. Most practitioners relay on their observations and experience to perform informal assessments, rather than using research based scales. It is perhaps understandable when dealing with clients unable to fully understand these assessments. But in practice it can be noticed that nurses do not tend to use anxiety inventory even with clients that could engage with the process. Tom designed care plans in partnership with John and made him realise which were more realistic goals in the short and long term. Tom had shown knowledge and understanding of the professional capabilities that the NSF defined in the documents The Ten Essential Shared Capabilities (2004) and The Capable Practitioner (2001). These documents set basic principles that underpin positive mental health practice as well as providing the basic grounding for service workers to continue developing and learning skills. Therefore, it was observed during the placement that along the whole admission the nursing team also guided care and practice as appointed by these documents. They provided patient-centred care, which is accountable for each client and respecting the individual. The team also had a broad knowledge of national legislations as well as local policies and services, and worked under the same professional and ethical principles recognizing the rights of the clients and their families. T hey promoted recovery and self-realisation by identifying people needs/strengths and empowering the individuals. Most of the team members were undertaking further training, to keep their skills up-to-date or be able to transfer their existing skills to new environments. They also worked in partnership with family, carers, lay people and external agencies, such as community care services, voluntary associations and vocational services. 4. Evaluation In the interview Tom used a Rogerian approach (Roger (1961) cited by Sheldon (2005)). He also showed knowledge of Peplaus interpersonal theories and applied them in practice by creating a shared experience of care. However, it also would be appropriate to use the Herons six-category intervention framework (Heron 1989). This framework was designed to enable a practitioner (nurse) taking the lead to facilitate the clients specific needs or arising issues. Therefore this intervention could have been used in the admissions assessment and the following one to one sessions, which have been described in this essay. The framework is made off two categories, which are subdivided in three more. The first category is authoritative which it can be prescriptive, in which the nurse influences and directs behaviour, gives advice and prescribe goals. It also can be informative providing information or giving feedback for the clients behaviour. The third subcategory is confronting, in which the pract itioner challenges the clients beliefs or actions. The second category is the facilitative which is divided into cathartic, in which the nurse tries to release the clients painful feelings and talks about or express them with actions (tears, anger or shouts). Next subcategory is catalytic, where the nurse tries to help the client and encourage self-discovery and learning. Finally, supportive is the category where the client is supported in an unqualified manner. The facilitative stage of the framework would have been the most appropriate to use in the first assessment. Johns mental state would not have benefit from an authoritative approach as he might have felt threatened by the staff, therefore his willingness to engage with the service could have reduced greatly. This approach shares the same goals as the one that Tom used. The outcome would have been the same, which was the beginning to build a relationship towards recovery. However, it is important to know different ways to practice and to interact in order to provide an individualised care. This principle is shared by the models discussed in the essay (CPA and Tidal Model) and also by the nursing professional code (NMC code of practice 2008). 5. Learning Although, it was difficult to deal with Johns anxiety levels and his initial unwillingness to engage with the assessment, it was possible to create a therapeutic relationship between nurse and client. After this reflexion it was learnt that nurses knowledge and usage of the right nursing models, strategies and tools can be adapted to individual situations and their own circumstances. It is also important to share principles of care and to change some nurses cultures regarding models of care. It was positive to reflect upon this experience and, therefore, to realise how the theory learnt was applied in practice. Since nursing studies and practice are moved towards research based knowledge it seems that the human connection and relationship building have lost their place in the nursing profession. As a student it is good to see that values based nursing promoted safe, trustful and supporting environment, which led to a healthy therapeutic relationship (Hewitt 2009). In conclusion, the reflection and analysis of engagement through a biopsychosocial assessment illustrated how personal and organizational factors effect on clients care. It was found out that applying specific intervention techniques, mental health screening tools and the adequate adaptation to the individual and the situation promote engagement and build a healthy therapeutic relationship. Furthermore, the research showed that the relevant mental health regulations and nursing professional code recognise the need to keep up-to-dated knowledge and skills in order to provide the best care. All the above techniques and tools were found to be used in a very individual way between the nursing professionals. In addition to this, it was found that theses personal adaptations to practice and clients care were beneficial when reducing barriers for engagement and personalising the care. The positive and negative characteristics of the actual mental health framework CPA were brought forward and it was found that it lacks a nursing model background. CPA and Tidal Model when compared and contrasted, showed that both mental health frameworks differ gratefully from each other but at the same time they could benefit from each other. Despite the ward worked under CPA and used a more medical approach to nursing, the nursing team shared the same professional capabilities and worked towards holistic goals and recovery. Over all, in order to engage and to provide relevant services for clients and cares biopsychosocial needs there should be a continues connection between practice and theory in nursing. References Addis J Gamble C (2004) Assertive outreach nurses experience of engagement. Journal of Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing 11 (4) 452-460. Barker P (2001) The Tidal Model: developing an empowering, person-centred approach to recovery within psychiatric and mental health nursing. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing 8 233-240. Barker P Buchanan-Barker P (2005) Tidal Model: A guide for mental health professional. Brunner-Routledge. Hove. UK. Bjelland I Dahl A A Haug T T (2002) The validity of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale: An updated literature review. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 55(2) 69-77. Cox B J Cohen E Direnfeld D M Swinson R P (1997) Does the Beck Anxiety Inventory measure anything beyond panic attacks? Behaviour Research Therapy 34 (11/12) 949-954. Cutcliffe J R Barker P (2002) Considering the care of the suicidal client and the case for engagement and inspiring hope or observations. Journal of Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing 9 611-621. Department of Health (2002) Mental Health Policy Implementation Guide: Adult Acute Inpatient Care Provision. Department of Health (2004) The Ten Essential Shared Capabilities. http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Publications/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidance/DH_4087169 Accessed: 29/12/09 de Beurs E Wilson K A Chambless D L Goldstein A J Ulrike Feske U (1997) Convergent and divergent validity of the Beck Anxiety Inventory for patients with panic disorder and agoraphobia Depression and Anxiety 6 140-146. Fydrich T Dowdall D Chambless D L (1992) Reliability and Validity of the Beck Anxiety Inventory. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 6 55-61. Gordon W Morton T Brooks G (2005) Launching the Tidal Model: evaluating the evidence. Journal of Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing 12 (6) 703-712. Heron J (1989) Six-Category Intervention Analysis (3rd EDN) Human Potential Resource Group, University of Surrey, Surrey, UK. Hewitt J (2009) Redressing the balance in mental health nursing education: Arguments for a values-based approach International Journal of Mental Health Nursing 18 368-379. Hosany Z Wellman N Lowe T (2007) Fostering a culture of engagement: a pilot study of the outcomes of training mental health nurses working in two UK acute admission units in brief solution-focused therapy techniques. Journal of Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing 14 (7) 688-695. Johns C Graham J (1996) Using a Reflective Model of Nursing and Guided Reflection. Nursing Standard 11 (2) 34-38. National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) Clinical Guideline for Management of Anxiety (2004) http://www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/pdf/cg022fullguideline.pdf Accessed: 26/11/09 National Service Framework (NSF) Modern Standards and Service Models for Mental Health (1999) NHS our Healthier Nation. Noak J (2001) Do we need another model for mental health care? Nursing Standard 16 (8) 33-35. Norman I Ryrie I (2004) The Art and Science of Mental Health Nursing: A Textbook of Principles. Open University Press. Maidenhead. UK. Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) (2008) The Code. (NMC, London). Sheldon L K (2005) Communication for Nurses: Talking with Patients. Sudbury; Jones and Bartlett. Simpson A (2009) The acute care setting. In Barker P (2009) Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing: The craft of caring. Edward Arnold Ltd. London. Simpson A Miller C Bowers L (2003a) Case management models and the care programme approach: how to make the CPA effective and credible. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing 10, 472-483. Simpson A Miller C Bowers L (2003b) The history of the Care Programme Approach in England: Where did it go wrong? Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing 10, 489-504. The Sainsbury Centre for Mental Health (2001) The Capable Practitioner. http://www.scmh.org.uk/publications/capable_practitioner.aspx?ID=552 Accessed: 29/12/09 Appendixes Appendix 1 Beck Anxiety Inventory Below is a list of common symptoms of anxiety. Please carefully read each item in the list. Indicate how much you have been bothered by that symptom during the past month, including today, by circling the number in the corresponding space in the column next to each symptom. Not At All Mildly but it didnt bother me much. Moderately it wasnt pleasant at times Severely it bothered me a lot Numbness or tingling 0 1 2 3 Feeling hot 0 1 2 3 Wobbliness in legs 0 1 2 3 Unable to relax 0 1 2 3 Fear of worst happening 0 1 2 3 Dizzy or lightheaded 0 1 2 3 Heart pounding/racing 0 1 2 3 Unsteady 0 1 2 3 Terrified or afraid 0 1 2 3 Nervous 0 1 2 3 Feeling of choking 0 1 2 3 Hands trembling 0 1 2 3 Shaky / unsteady 0 1 2 3 Fear of losing control 0 1 2 3 Difficulty in breathing 0 1 2 3 Fear of dying 0 1 2 3 Scared 0 1 2 3 Indigestion 0 1 2 3 Faint / lightheaded 0 1 2 3 Face flushed 0 1 2 3 Hot/cold sweats 0 1 2 3 Column Sum Scoring Sum each column. Then sum the column totals to achieve a grand score. Write that score here ____________ . Interpretation A grand sum between 0 21 indicates very low anxiety. That is usually a good thing. However, it is possible that you might be unrealistic in either your assessment which would be denial or that you have learned to mask the symptoms commonly associated with anxiety. Too little anxiety could indicate that you are detached from yourself, others, or your environment. A grand sum between 22 35 indicates moderate anxiety. Your bod

Just a Bit of Hope :: essays research papers

Just a Little Bit of Hope   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The boy twitched for a bit, as he attempted to move his body and did everything in his part to open his eyes, but with all of his strength he only had the ability to slightly crack open his eyes. It was the first ray of light the boy had seen in over a month but it felt to him as if it had been years. His eyes ached all over from the struggle to keep them open and finally they forced themselves shut again. The pain was too great. In the background, he could hear murmurs of people speaking to him, encouraging him, but he could not make out exactly whom it was or what was being said. He tried to concentrate on the tones and voices but he could not process anything that was being said. His state of mind was a complete fog and everything felt as if it was a dream, but this time he knew it was reality. He felt a small amount of pressure on his right hand but otherwise his body was numb. He suddenly became overwhelmed with fright and anxiety as he tried to piece togethe r where he was and what had happened. He went to scream but it was hopeless and nothing, not even a peep came out of his mouth. Then he felt an impulsive rush of exhaustion come over himself and without a second thought about it, he was back asleep. He had drifted right back into his coma.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  His mother was patiently waiting at the side of his bed, gripping firmly onto his right hand in hopes of it somehow bringing him back to life. She felt hopeless and worthless without her son by her side, and even though he was physically there, his mind and soul was missing. Her son had been in a coma for eight days now. She vigilantly sat there day and night in hopes of him coming to. She had seen him jerk around a few times so that gave her some promise that he could feel her presence. At night, she would kneel by his side and squeeze her hands together as firmly as she could and pray to God for her son’s health. And every night at the same point of her prayer, she would break down into hysterics and beg for mercy and forgiveness from the Lord.

Mill on Liberty

John Stuart Mill’s On Liberty is an intellectual discussion on just how far society’s reach can influence and direct the actions of individuals. Mills required several criteria to evaluate the discussion of cigarette advertising, its impact, and whether it is a health issue. His work can be summarized into the following points:1. An individual has the right to act as he wants as long as their actions do not harm others.2. Society has no right to intervene if the individual is only directing his actions upon himself.3. Children and those less civilized would be exempt. (In other words these two groups are deemed to require guidance).4. Everyone is entitled to free speech regardless if that speech is erroneous.5.   Debate is necessary to find truth.6.   We must protect the ability to choose.Mills would have no issue with cigarette advertising. Under his philosophy the manufacturers of cigarettes and those advertising for cigarettes would be entitled to do so. What Mil ls would argue is that although these companies have the right to free speech they would have to tell what the health costs of cigarette consumption as documented by every major health agency. Mills would propose that cigarettes be taxed and the individual be warned of associated health issues from cigarette consumption.If the individual is properly educated about the risks and still decides to purchase and consume cigarettes, according to Mills the individual will have assumed all the risk because the individual has  been educated about the risks of cigarette consumption and has still decided to pursue that action in spite of that knowledge.Mills’ decision would not solely be based upon whether the issue is health related or an issue of free speech regarding cigarette manufacturer’s ability to have their product advertised. Mills would take into account all aspects and produce a judgment. His utilitarian philosophy is never separate from any of his decisions and is expressed, â€Å"†¦ one must always act so as to produce the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people (Mill 59-74).†Following this logic cigarette advertising would be accepted; the cigarette advertising would have constraints such as proper disclosure of the health risks associated with cigarette consumption – in other words no deceptions. If, in spite of this information regarding cigarettes, the individual still makes a decision to use cigarettes, Mills would conclude that it is within the individuals’ power to control their actions, so if anything detrimental happened to them, they were fully aware of the consequences.What Mills would argue is that it would be wrong to influence children and others not qualified to properly take care of themselves. Constraints such as cigarette tax, proof of age would be acceptable as constraints because they do not infringe upon an individuals right to choose. The production of proof would be viewed as an i ndication that the individual understands the risks and willing to assume the risks associated with cigarette consumption.The cigarette producer requests that cigarettes be advertised. The advertisement would conform and give the risks inherent with cigarette consumption. In recognition of the risks, certain constraints such as requirement of understanding the health risks and proof that one is of legal age to understand these risks, Mills would have no issue.Mills would have issue if the individual wasn’t told of the health risks in the cigarette advertising. Mills would have issue if the cigarette manufacturers and cigarette advertisers forced individuals to consume cigarettes. Mills would have further issue if the individual was told he couldn’t  choose or would have a choice either way – to choose to use cigarettes or to choose not to use cigarettes based upon advertising.Mills would advocate that if cigarette manufacturers, advertisers did not provide the means (information, education, relevant disclosure) they should be punished. Applicable laws, fines and imprisonment would be considered.  These judgments would be considered because the manufacturer and advertiser would knowingly be inflicting pain upon the individual by not disclosing the health risks associated from consuming cigarettes and the advertising of the product.Simply, â€Å"†¦ the only purpose for which power can be rightfully exercised over any member of a civilized community, against his will, is to prevent harm to others (68).† Because harm would come to the individual without proper information, the prevailing judgment would be to enforce a law so as to cause other manufacturers of cigarettes and their advertisers to rightfully inform the individual. Also, â€Å"†¦ each is the proper guardian of his own health, whether bodily, or mental or spiritual (71-72).†The process of discussing the effects and how cigarettes affected the individual would be rigorously encouraged by Mills. â€Å"We can never be sure that the opinion we are endeavouring to stifle is a false opinion; and if we were sure, stifling it would be an evil still (76-77).† Further, Mills would argue that the opinion regarding cigarettes couldn’t be suppressed anyway because others’ opinions around the world would exist.Cigarette advertising would be viewed rather positively. The advertising would pose a forum to discuss the benefits and risks – whether physical, mental or spiritual. The reason would be many areas of argument would be heard, and out of this an ability to judge for one’s own self would become evident. As further proof and evidence would become clear, the benefits and risks would also become clear. The individual then would be able to decide ultimately for himself.As it is known the health effects of cigarette consumption, Mills would impose a tax based upon utility. That is, cigarette consumption is used by some. Since some derive some benefit from cigarettes  they should be allowed to do so. Indeed, Mills would view the attempt to prevent an individual from whether to choose to consume cigarettes, even with the health risks explained as an attempt to prevent the ability to choose. Mills would take into account these health risks and place a tax on the product. This tax in turn could further the education about cigarette consumption and quite possibly be put to further the research into cigarettes.The health issue of cigarettes would provide a great forum for debate because through debate the raw essence of truth would surface. The raw truth, not society’s truth, your neighbor’s truth or another form of spoon-fed truth, but the raw truth would reveal itself. It is this raw proof through debate that Mills would have humanity embrace. It is through the, â€Å"†¦ Complete liberty of contradicting and disproving our opinion, is the very condition which justifies us in assuming its truth for purposes of action; and on no other means can a being with human faculties have any rational assurance of being right (79).†Mills would state further that the validity of health issues associated with cigarette consumption would stand the test of time. That is regardless of who said what, evidence to support the health risks associated with cigarette consumption would be consistent regardless of who wants to test the validity. The testers would find the same evidence and would come to the same conclusions. There would be no reason to inflict one’s will to assume the truth. The government would not need to intervene because the individual would be aware and educated to what the benefits or risks of cigarettes and cigarette advertising.Mills would also justify that if cigarettes were advertised and sold to minors or those who are not yet old enough to form an opinion that the sellers of cigarettes would be punished under the law. The reason is t hat he would view this as a form of slavery – slavery or imprisonment of one’s ability to be properly educated and the ability to freely choose. Mills would argue those minors or those not yet old enough or have sufficient maturity are not quite capable of making a strong mental decision.Therefore, the cigarette manufacturers’ and their advertisers would be in violation of not disclosing what they know, that is the associated health risks of cigarettes.  Mills would also view those who consumed cigarettes in the presence of others who didn’t consume cigarettes equally unjustifiable. Mills would state that the happiness of the individual who did not consume cigarettes as being infringed upon and his ability to choose whether to be around another individual and knowing or not knowing the consequences of such action would not nullify the existence of those actions and thus infringe upon that individuals ability to remove himself from possible health risks. Mills would further argue because another individual inflicted harm upon another then certain fines or other punishment would be enforced. This would also involve cigarette manufacturers and their advertisers. Mills would include fine, imprisonment or other penalties if those parties did not disclose information that they had available that was relevant and affected the individual.Mills methodical approach would be applied to every situation. He would ask the same questions regarding any problem. As applied to cigarette advertising Mills would ask, ‘Who does this affect?’ If this affects individuals negatively, he would say, â€Å"This is bad for the good of individuals so the cigarette advertisers should be fined or imprisoned because they are harming others (119).†If cigarette advertisers were to publicly announce that cigarettes are horrible and pose numerous health risks and the individual still chose to consume cigarettes, then that is the individuals choice and society should not intervene The reason is simple: the individual armed with the knowledge that cigarette consumption poses health risks and is dangerous and still continues to pursue this task, then that individual has been warned. Since that individual has been warned they take and assume all responsibility for their actions.Mills’ logic would not stop there. Mills would require that the individual who consumes cigarettes, as a result of cigarette advertising, be truly and wholeheartedly aware of what consequences this course of action may bring. Further, if those individuals were not mature or mentally aware, fines  or imprisonment against cigarette advertisers’ and their manufacturers would be at the core of justifiable punishment.Mills was concerned with the ability of the individual to choose. If the individual was not able to choose regardless of whether that choice was considered wrong then that individual’s liberty would be taken away. As such, s ociety would impress upon the individual its choice and deny that individual any means of exploring that option for themselves.At heart of this ability to choose is necessary debate. Debate and intellectual discussion at its core would disclose assumptions and get at raw truth. The truth has to be, â€Å"†¦fully, frequently, and fearlessly discussed (96-97).† Or else it would not be,†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ a living truth (97).†No one from society to other individuals including the individuals themselves should impose any thought or action that would deprive them of their freedom. Freedom in the sense that the â€Å"†¦individual can pursue their own good in their own way (71-72)†, and not â€Å"†¦attempt to deprive others of theirs, or impede their efforts to obtain it (71-72).†Mills would view cigarette advertising from all positions. It would not be sufficient to just argue on point and then conclude that to be the truth. Mills would argue that if c igarette advertisers and their manufacturers did not disclose any relevant risks associated with the consumption of cigarettes then they should face penalties because those agencies would be denying individuals necessary information that affects their well-being.Mills also would view any issue of health as a matter of disclosure. Inevitably some individuals would say they benefit from cigarette consumption. Mills would say those individuals are willing to take the risks and also say they benefit from cigarettes. Society should not impose any restrictions on their ability to choose. However, since cigarettes and cigarette advertising have health risks, they needto be taxed. Taxation would not be viewed as a prohibitive measure on an individual’s ability to choose rather as a means to ensure that those who manufacturer and advertise cigarettes understand their role in providing the individual with proper disclosure. Payment through taxation would be a means to accomplish this t ask.Utilitarianism is considered at every step of the decision making process. Utilitarianism would not be viewed as a separate thought process or as a separate means at arriving at a decision. Utilitarianism would state that the taxation imposed upon cigarettes is not prohibitive to the individual. Rather it is prohibitive to the manufacturer in that it forces them to disclose the health risks or face further penalties outside of taxation.Regardless of the argument presented – if cigarette advertising is wrong, it wouldn’t only be a matter of free speech, a health issue or would utility help in explaining, Mills would state that it is the argument that enables the truth to be told. It is with constant debate that this truth would finally be realized.Not the truth as we would want it, imagine it, think it or have it told to us; pure truth. It is the freedom to be able to discuss that truth, to be able to think through the steps to arrive at that truth, and the ability after the truth is found not to enforce that truth on anyone unless that individual intended to harm another with that truth. It is with this truth that we as human beings can be better and achieve great things.Works CitedMill, J.S. On Liberty. London: Penguin Books Ltd., 1974.

Analysis of Different Stories

Analysis of Different Stories Critical analysis of different literature is significant in understanding the plot, the main ideas, and the domain of these works. Thus, this analytical treatise attempts to explicitly review the aspects of regionalism on line setting, national identity creation strategies, and character trait analysis in the books, â€Å"The Boat† by MacLeod, â€Å"Two Kinds† by Tan, and â€Å"Borders† by King.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis of Different Stories specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Regionalism and Setting In the stories â€Å"Two Kinds† and â€Å"The Boat†, the authors explore the significant aspects of setting such as location, circumstances, tone and time to expand on regionalism. For instance, in the story, â€Å"Two Kinds†, the author paints a picture of a conservative society setting in the milieu beyond the mere narration. The picture of America is of a nation th at is characterized by beliefs in possibility. This rationalization facilitates establishment of calculating motivation dominated purely by goal orientation with minimal interference from the values and traditions discussed across the book. Therefore, the paradigm shift from old mobility forms is replaced by stringent rules that form the plot. On the other hand, in the story, â€Å"The Boat†, the author uses the concept of the traditional cage to describe the inherent increase in social life rationalization in the conservative society of the main character. As noted by Macleod, this traditional cage ensnares people unwillingly in teleological effectiveness coordination, power and lucid calculations in their endeavor to forge a common identity. On the front of regionalism, the traditional cage is characterized by defining rules, disciplinary control, and recognition of outstanding social behavior. These aspects confirm the complex regionalism settings in these stories. Post Co lonialism development Strategies Post colonialism development consists of a hierarchical order of authority, efficiency, labor division which subsequently promotes collective commitment to the growth of a nation. For instance, Tan, in the story â€Å"Two Kinds† suggests the principles of rationale actively interchanged to efficiently meet targets and periodical goals in a developing country. Since post colonial countries have small number of controls in the activities and life of the majority, this strategy is likely to generate a balanced economic and political power. As a result of the aforementioned tendencies, Tan predicts an evolution of flexible, technically ordered, and humanized systems where man becomes a social being that is considerate about the well-being of his neighbors. On the other hand, in the story â€Å"The Boat†, MacLeod suggests coordinated domination which defines compliance from rational calculation to simple habitation. Depending on its form, do minance is intrinsic of an interest. MacLeod is categorical is asserting that dominance uses economic means and have economic objectives for the post colonial development goals. Same as in a typical organization, dominance is arranged in a hierarchical order with each segment of the management ladder entrusted with authority to make certain decisions and dominate others. However, the success of this type of dominance depends on its motive and calculated advantage.Advertising Looking for essay on comparative literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In addition, in the story â€Å"Boarders†, King suggests that the facet of free repudiation is possible amidst the involuntary slave-master relationship during colonialism. Formal domination is described as that which is free of monopolistic exertion of economic power to contractual partners (Macleod 1988). Rather, this is affected by elements of ideal and effectu al supplementary interests in development goals. Interestingly, these authors opine that the authority is a legitimate domination form characterized by subordinates recognizing its legitimacy and respecting the hierarchal order in post colonial development intentions. However, legitimacy has little to do with right, natural justice, and rationality. Rather, the legitimacy of domination is determined by obedience, acceptance, and association with desirability amidst priorities. Characters’ Beliefs In the story â€Å"Two Kinds†, Mr. Chong’s obligation to loyalty is a personal decision that is accustomed by the traditions (Tan 1994). Chong’s charismatic authority functions on personal trust subordinates bestow in his outstanding qualities admired by the narrator despite being blind. Due to an extraordinary trait, subordinates obey this individual whom they believe has special command. Mr. Chong’s religious inclinations are influenced by spirits and de ities and often climax with pursuing personal interests rather the collective interest as indicated by the society. In the relationship between brotherliness and economic clandestine, Chong’s rational beliefs are inclined towards vocation and radical mystic anti-political attitude that has been internalized by religion as a form of redemption with cosmic brotherliness and benevolence. In fact, Chong’s behavior is a response to the tension between worldly life forces and religion as irrational social beliefs characterized by stereotyping, ecstasy techniques, and spontaneous play in belief spectrum. The narrator in the story â€Å"The Boat† holds the view that religion is only complete when practice rationally, independently, and with intellectual epochs. The narrator believes that the relationship between religion and art has created alliances which are sometimes misused by extremists to create unnecessary propaganda (King 2003). The narrator is a restless person with inner conviction to challenge traditions since mankind is given little room to question some of the traditional beliefs and hierarchy relationships. When a person understands his or her true identity and the factors monitoring his development as the narrator has, assimilation process would only lead to temporary alterations that will balance upon complete exposure to new ideas. The narrator is an independent, flexible, respectful, and an appreciative person unlike most of the members of that community whose lives are controlled by complex traditional beliefs.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis of Different Stories specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More References King, T. (2003). Borders. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. Macleod, A. (1988). The Boat. New York: Formac Publishing Company. Tan, A. (1994). Two Kinds. Alabama: Paulinas.

The Success of the Conservative Party 1918-1964 Was Due to the Appeal of Its Leaders Essay Example

The Success of the Conservative Party 1918 The Success of the Conservative Party 1918-1964 Was Due to the Appeal of Its Leaders Essay The Success of the Conservative Party 1918-1964 Was Due to the Appeal of Its Leaders Essay The success of the Conservative Party 1918-1964 was due to the appeal of its leaders. † To what extent do you agree? To assess the appeal of the Conservative leaders, it is first necessary to define appeal. Appeal is the extent to which the image and personality of the leader appeals to the needs of the electorate at the time. Whilst appealing leaders such as Winston Churchill were successful in leadership, others such as Antony Eden who was arguably the most appealing were not as successful so it is clear that the factor of appeal alone cannot lead to success. Therefore other factors such as the strength of the cabinet or weakness of the opposition generated this success, or arguably the appeal itself necessary for the success. Appeal of course was an important ingredient in the success of many Conservative leaders, and the ‘old guard appeal’ that vindicated Winston Churchill in 1939 when his predictions concerning Nazi Germany shamed the appeasement policy of pacifist Neville Chamberlain and subsequently led him to becoming approached by Ministers to form a National Government for the war. Churchill’s ability as an orator especially in the use of the radio rallying voters surpassed even that of Stanley Baldwin who had cunningly used it to deliver Conservative Propaganda during the 1926 General Strike. Through speeches such as the â€Å"Blood, Sweat and Tears† (1940), through his appeal he in the long-term imposed a spirit of patriotism which encouraged collectivism that not only made the rationing of 1940-1951 possible and unopposed, but also created a foundation for the â€Å"Middle Way† of politics that would create the political appeal necessary for MacMillan to dominate the period 1957-1964. While Winston Churchill’s appeal came from the stoic and headstrong attitude which he used to organise the war arguably this very appeal denied him the appointment as Prime Minister in 1945. He condemned the reconstructive measures of the Beveridge Report in 1942 â€Å"as requiring a Gestapo state to run† which ultimately led to an uncharismatic and arguably unappealing Prime Minister Clement Attlee to reach the first Labour majority in 1945. While Churchill’s appeal was high, arguably other factors such as denying the worth of social reconstruction would in the short-term quash his appeal. The same could be said of Antony Eden’s term 1955-1957 who was a fresh-faced Tory Minister with extensive foreign secretary experience and who was part of the Tory â€Å"Glamour Boy† faction. Appointed in 1955 his failures during the Suez Crises in 1956 destroyed his credibility after he demonstrated similar right-wing war mongering attitudes that Churchill displayed during his 1945 election campaign. Arguably, the fact that these two Prime Ministers were appealing amplified the effect of their mistakes making them even more disappointing in the public eye. Furthermore, it could be argued that the weakness of the opposition (Labour or Liberals) created the success for the Conservatives 1918-1964 or arguably was the source of the appeal itself. For example the decline of the Liberal Party during 1918-1922 when the Asquith-Lloyd George split occurred coupled with his Presidential style of leadership as well as his policy blunders answering the Irish Question 1920-1921 hugely alienated a large portion of the Liberal electorate who were subsequently up for the taking. And while it could be argued that the appeal of â€Å"honesty and trustworthiness† that Baldwin generated stepping down in 1923 when not receiving a majority in the subject of tariff reform gained these voters; it was the ultimately the failures of MacDonald in 1923-1924 that proved the Labour was not fit to govern which gave the Conservatives the alienated Liberal voters that caused their dominance. The Conservatives were able to capitalise on the variety of mistakes of the Labour Government 1923-1924 where they garnered a collective image of communism due to the 1924 Zinoviev Letter and the image of corruption from the 1924 Campbell Case withdrawal which collectively increased the appeal of Baldwin during the 1926 General Election which subsequently granted him an extra 100 seats. Similarly, the same could be said in 1951 when Churchill regained his appeal and won the General Election. The austerity, rationing and high taxation of Stafford Cripps Chancellor of the Exchequer which lasted 1945-1951 weakened Labour by making their Government appear unappealing and having the short-term impact of making Churchill regain his appeal, especially after he ended rationing 1951 and began pursuing a â€Å"middle-way of politics† which would in the long-term ultimately be pursued by future Prime Ministers such as MacMillan. MacMillan himself was not appealing, but by similarly pursuing this middle-way of politics by continuing social welfare and being associated with the high living standards where â€Å"Britain never had it good† 1957-1964 MacMillan generated the appeal. Of course, the efforts of a Prime Minister by themselves often did not form success, often Cabinet Ministers made up for a lack of appeal in the PMs to generate their success. The best example of his was Baldwin during 1924-1929. While he was a solid leader ending the General Strike 1926 in 9 days as a result of his 1925 Red Friday Subsidy, he was sedate and undynamic as a policy maker. His foreign secretary and minister of health made up for this lack of appeal, for example the former introduced the Locarno Treaty 1925 and the latter the 1929 Local Government Act which gave greater power to local authorities and was hailed â€Å"the first of its kind in Europe. Likewise MacMillan during Chuchill’s second term 1951-1955 introduced his Housing Plan in 1951 which constructed 300,000 homes a year until 1957 which established when MacMillan became PM in 1957 the â€Å"property owning democracy† he so often referred to. Baldwin and Churchill’s lack of dynamic policy-making appeal was shown to be fixed by their talented Cabinet Ministers which in effect created the appeal of the Leaders in these governments who inevitably associated the success with the figure heads in Government. Indeed, overall the factor of appeal can be likened to ‘you can’t have style without substance’. MacMillan as a Prime Minister embodies this argument for all the Tory PMs, while not necessarily appealing or charismatic his middle way consensus politics, and the high living standards created by the artificial stop and go stagflation economic measures in 1957-1964 collectively created the same appeal that caused him to have one of the largest Conservative majority Governments in the period 1918-1964.

The Impact of the Internet on Traditional News Media Research Paper

The Impact of the Internet on Traditional News Media - Research Paper Example Here is an attempt to analyze the changes brought about by the advent of internet in the field of TV and print media. Introduction The widespread use of internet has drastically changed the conventions of different news media. The cyber world has hastened the pace and spread of news in an amazing manner which downgraded even the scope of scoops. The advent of internet has thus marked a lot of changes in news media and subverted even the concepts of news upside down. The impact of internet on TV and Print media The vast and ever spreading world of cyber space contributed a lot to the growth of news media and triggered a revolution in the field of communication system. For a journalist, let him associate with either print media or visual media, internet is a powerful source to collect news. In olden days, as we know, the exchange of messages was carried out by the so-called messengers. Later postal system came into exist which made the communication system a little bit comfortable to s hare something between two people of different corners. The inventions of telegraph and wireless technological system opened the new vistas of exposition and exchange. In modern epoch, for any person who wants to know more about a topic or a news event can easily find out the detailed information by logging on websites. Thus, internet is undoubtedly a good source of news for both the reader and the journalist. In olden days the prime source of news for the newspapers was only the reporters deployed in the different places. The quick access into the cyber world and its updating facility in every second is one of the prominent features of online news portals. This has created a lot of changes in mass media by compelling the media persons to broadcast breaking news in visual media because the world is changing rapidly and the people are eager to know about those changes in the world. The different media across the globe compete each other in providing latest information for its readers /viewers keeping vigil on each and every change in the world. All the TV channels and print media keep their own website, on which, they publish breaking news or news flash. As Seema Shrikande maintains in her essay titled Internet Impact on Media, a â€Å"major influence of internet has been to remove geographical limits on the reach of media outlets and no longer are news media restricted to one city or region†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦(Shrikande,Seema- http://www.omnilogos.com/2011/06/14/internet-impact-on-media). Even local news papers have their online editions and they are available to the readers in every corner of the world. Again this feature also, will mount pressure on the newspaper persons as they have to survive in the world of competition. So they are supposed to attract their readers by means of captivating designs, swift covering of news events, providing arresting captions etc., to compete in international level. All these are common features of any local newspaper of vernacula r languages. The ever spreading and changing nature of cyber world has marked such changes even in the matter of local news papers. The popularity of the social network sites like Facebook opened up new horizons of public opinion tools. In many Facebook posts, media and its way of reporting are of serious concern. The use of FB posts will definitely affects the quality and objectivity news media as common man can easily put their comments on even very big news channels and they can share it instantly among the friends. Before the advent of internet system, the people were not able to weigh and value of a news event beyond the account of newspapers. But nowadays,

British Airways Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

British Airways - Personal Statement Example In writing my report I researched a lot and looked up various data that was available to me. Such resources include Internet websites, publications, newspaper articles, press releases, etc. Because of the researching that I did my research skills improved as I learnt where and how to look for information and make use of it. For the research I mainly depended on the Internet, as I was able to find plenty of reliable information there. I chiefly looked into journal articles and press releases so as to make sure that my findings are accurate and that it would allow me to write a proper, well defined and an accurate report. Along with this, my writing skills improved because of the fact that in the presenting of this report I learnt how to be specific and to the point, plus how to write a report that would be appealing to the reader. I learnt the way data should be put together in order to form an attractive summary of my findings. In order to find out about the problems that the British Airways is facing I searched for the issues that concern the company and how they affect it. These issues were first identified and then looked into in detail. They included fuel crisis, terrorism and SARS. Due to the fuel crisis high expenses befell the British Airways and thus it lead to a rise in the costs. Also, there was the terrorism problem that caused trouble. The September 11 attacks lead to decreased air traffic (Crou, 2002) and thus a loss for the British Airways, because the people were no longer so comfortable with the thought of travelling by planes. Also, there was then the Afghanistan invasion which also affected the number of flights in a given time period. Apart from this, the SARS issue created disturbance too as it also adversely influenced the air traffic as people were not ready to travel to the affected areas. To combat such problems the British Airways undertook a number of steps. It can also consider merging of the company with another airway such as the Iberia. In order to lower the costs of travelling, which have escalated due to high fuel prices, the British Airways is creating low weight planes so that they use lesser fuel. Plus, the company can reduce its flights; at least those that do not give enough profits. Other than this, the company brought up the plan of voluntary redundancy (Porter, 2005). British Airways also tried to solve their problems by means of technology (Dobson, 2007). Not all their solutions were successful, as is reported in my project. The lesson is that whatever way they handle a situation, it should be made sure that crisis management is undertaken appropriately and that the problems are solved instead of being augmented. This can be done by going in depth of the issues and maybe employing experts and professionals who would be able to help with providing a us eful solution. The research that I conducted I order to write this report had no ethical issues involved that required my attention. This was due to the fact